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Vol – 1, No. 3, January – March 2026

Rising Cancer Incidence in Iraq: Epidemiological Trends, Risk Factors, and Public Health Implications

Authors:

Omar Daini

DOI:

Abstract:

The increasing incidence and mortality rates associated with cancer in Iraq represent a formidable public health challenge that requires immediate attention. A multi-faceted approach is essential to address the contributing factors effectively. This includes improving environmental regulations, implementing comprehensive tobacco control policies, promoting healthier lifestyles, enhancing access to healthcare services, and increasing public awareness about cancer prevention and early detection.

By prioritizing cancer control initiatives and fostering collaboration among government agencies, healthcare providers, and community organizations, Iraq can work towards mitigating the impact of this growing health crisis and improving outcomes for those affected by cancer.

Keywords:

Public health, Healthier lifestyles, Public awareness, Healthcare services, Cancer prevention

Refference:

1. Iraqi Cancer Board. Annual Report of the Iraqi Cancer Registry. Ministry of Health, Baghdad, 2024. https://moh.gov.iq
2. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Iraq Fact Sheet: Global Cancer Observatory. 2024.
https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/368-iraq-fact-sheets.pdf
3. Al-Hashimi, Muzahem M. Y. “Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence in Iraq During the Period 2000–2019.” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 22, no. 12, 2021, pp. 3889–3896. 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.12.3889
4. Mizel, S. N., et al. “Analysis and Comparison of Highest Cancers in Iraq.” Al-Salam Journal for Medical Science, 2026.
5. Iraqi Ministry of Health. National Cancer Registry Reports. Ministry of Health, Baghdad. https://moh.gov.iq
6. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). GLOBOCAN Iraq Fact Sheet. Global Cancer Observatory.
7. World Health Organization. Cancer Country Profiles: Iraq. WHO, 2020.
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/cancer-irq-2020
8. Alwan, N. A. S. “Breast Cancer: Demographic Characteristics and Clinico-Pathological Presentation of Patients in Iraq.” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, vol. 16, no. 11, 2010, pp. 1159–1164.
https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-16-2010/volume-16-issue-11/article-10.html
9. Hussain, Ashraf M. A., and Riyadh K. Lafta. “Cancer Trends in Iraq 2000–2016.” Oman Medical Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2021, e219. 10.5001/omj.2021.18
10. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO EMRO). Cancer Statistics in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/cancer/index.html
11. Ali, Hassan Nafal. “Epidemiology Study for Cancer Incidences among Patients from Baghdad Carrying Different Types of Cancer.” Iraqi Journal of Cancer and Medical Genetics, vol. 10, no. 2, 2017.
10.29409/ijcmg.v10i2.215
12. Mohammed, Taghreed Khudhur, et al. “Epidemiological Study of Common Cancer Cases in Baghdad City.” Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, vol. 14, no. 3, 2020. 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10802
13. Salih, Hiba H., et al. “Cancer in Iraq: General View of Annual Report 2022.” Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, vol. 10, no. 6, 2024.
10.22317/jcms.v10i6.1676
14. Abood, Rafid A., Kareem A. Abdahmed, and Seena S. “Epidemiology of Different Types of Cancers Reported in Basra, Iraq.” Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, 2020, pp. e295–e300.
10.18295/squmj.2020.20.03.008
15. Salih, F. M., et al. “Long-Term Outcomes and Survival Rates of Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients in Erbil, Iraq: A Follow-Up Study.” BMC Cancer, vol. 25, 2025, article 384. 10.1186/s12885-024-13040-9

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Effectiveness of a Structured Educational Intervention on Food Poisoning Prevention Knowledge Among Mothers: A Quasi-Experimental Controlled Study

Authors:

Deepika Das, Mamta Puhan

DOI:

Abstract:

Foodborne diseases are a significant public health concern, particularly among children. Mothers play a vital role in ensuring household food safety, and improving their knowledge may help prevent food poisoning. Mothers play a crucial role in maintaining food safety practices within households, and their knowledge regarding food hygiene and prevention of food poisoning directly influences the health of their children.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of food poisoning among mothers of children aged 6–12 years.

A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was conducted among 120 mothers in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Participants were divided into intervention (n = 60) and control (n = 60) groups. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire (CVI = 0.89; Cronbach’s α = 0.82). The intervention group received a structured educational programme, while the control group received no intervention. Data were analysed using paired and independent t-tests.

The intervention group showed a significant increase in mean knowledge scores from 11.3 ± 3.1 to 19.2 ± 2.4 (p < 0.001), whereas no significant change was observed in the control group (p = 0.18). The effect size was large (Cohen’s d = 1.75).

The teaching programme significantly improved mothers’ knowledge of food poisoning prevention, highlighting the importance of community-based health education interventions.

Keywords:

Food safety, Food poisoning, Health education, Mothers, Quasi-experimental study

Refference:

1. Anderson, W. “Food-Borne and Water-Borne Diseases.” Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, edited by J. E. Tintinalli, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2004, pp. 964–969.
2. Ashok, R., et al. “Post-Cholecystectomy Surgical Site Infection by Salmonella enterica Serovar Weltevreden.” Surgical Infections, vol. 6, no. 4, 2005, pp. 449–451. 10.1089/sur.2005.6.449
3. Basu, S., and L. R. Sood. “Salmonella Weltevreden: A Serotype of Increasing Public Health Importance in India.” Tropical and Geographical Medicine, vol. 27, 1997, pp. 387–394.
4. Bedworth, A. The Profession and Practice of Health Education. W.N.C. Brown Publishers, 1995, pp. 304–306.
5. Boonmar, S., et al. “Significant Increase in Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from Human Beings and Chicken Meat in Thailand.” Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 62, 1998, pp. 73–80.
10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00136-7
6. Craig, S., and D. Zich. “Gastroenteritis.” Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, edited by J. A. Marx, 7th ed., Mosby Elsevier, 2009, ch. 92.
7. Doheny, Kathleen. “Most Common Foods for Foodborne Illness: CDC Report.” Medscape Medical News, 30 Jan. 2013.
8. Evans, M. C. “Occurrence and Epidemiology of Salmonella Weltevreden in the Southeast Asian Region (SEAR) and Western Pacific Region (WPR).” World Health Organization. http://who.int/salmsurv/supported/Weltevr/en/index.html
9. Gianella, R. “Infectious Enteritis and Proctocolitis and Bacterial Food Poisoning.” Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 2006, pp. 2333–2391.
10. Jacobs, R. “General Problems in Infectious Diseases: Acute Infectious Diarrhea.” Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by L. M. Tierney Jr., et al., 40th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp. 1215–1216.
11. World Health Organization. Food safety. Geneva: WHO; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety
12 Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(1):7–15. 10.3201/eid1701.P11101
13 Newell DG, Koopmans M, Verhoef L, et al. Food-borne diseases—The challenges of 20 years ago still persist while new ones continue to emerge. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;139(S1):S3–S15. 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.021
14. Charlesworth J, Mullan B. Safe food-handling knowledge and behaviour among individuals at risk of food poisoning. Foods. 2023;12(4):785. doi:10.3390/foods12040785
15. Nguyen T, et al. Knowledge and practices regarding food safety among primary food caregivers. Heliyon. 2023;9(2):e13245. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13245
16. Rana T, et al. Educational interventions and food label comprehension: A public health approach. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:112.
17. Indumathi S, Sharma M. Assessment of food safety knowledge after educational intervention. Int J Child Health Nutr. 2024;13(1):45–52.
18 Sureskiarti E, et al. Effectiveness of educational interventions on maternal nutrition knowledge. J Nurs Pract. 2025;5(1):22–30.
19 Redmond EC, Griffith CJ. Consumer food handling in the home: A review of food safety studies. J Food Prot. 2003;66(1):130–161. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-66.1.130
20 Byrd-Bredbenner C, et al. Food safety self-reported behaviors and cognitions of young adults. J Food Prot. 2007;70(8):1917–1926. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-70.8.1917
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22 Mudey AB, Kesharwani N, Mudey GA, Goyal RC. Health status and personal hygiene among food handlers. Indian J Community Med. 2010;35(3):396–401. 10.4103/0970-0218.69253
23. Patil SR, Cates S, Morales R. Consumer food safety knowledge, practices, and demographic differences. Food Control. 2005;16(1):15–23. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.11.006
24. Sudershan RV, Rao GM, Rao P, Rao MV, Polasa K. Food safety related perceptions and practices among mothers. Food Control. 2008;19(5):506–513. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.05.006
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26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimates of foodborne illness in the United States. CDC; 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden

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Microstrip Antenna for Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Using FR-4 Substrate Material

Authors:

Salsabil Firas Abdul-Razzaq, Raed Safaa El-Din Sabah, Abdul-Jabbar Faris Abdul-Razzaq

DOI:

Abstract:

This extended study synthesizes literature review and investigation results in microstrip and slotted‑patch antennas on FR‑4 substrates for non‑invasive blood glucose sensing. We analyze electromagnetic mechanisms, substrate trade‑offs, geometry–sensitivity relations, SAR and safety, calibration strategies, and phantom design. Comparative evidence from 2020–2025 is consolidated, including metamaterial and defected‑ground enhancements. Some structured tables and equation‑based derivations are included to guide practical design and validation.

Keywords:

Non-invasive glucose sensing, FR-4, Printed slot antenna, Defected ground structure, Metamaterial, SAR, Cole–Cole, Machine learning

Refference:

1. Upadhyay, Nidhi, et al. “Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level Monitoring Using Antennas: A Comprehensive Review Report.” Discover Electronics, vol. 2, 2025, article 31. 10.1007/s44291-025-00068-9
2. Aldhaheri, R. W., et al. “A Novel Compact Highly Sensitive Non-Invasive Microwave Antenna Sensor for Blood Glucose Monitoring.” Open Physics, vol. 21, no. 1, 2023. 10.1515/phys-2023-0107
3. Patel, S., et al. “Metamaterial-Enabled Microwave Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring.” Array, vol. 20, 2025. 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105782
4. Syamala, N., et al. “A Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Detection Using a Slotted Microstrip Antenna Sensor.” Physica Scripta, vol. 99, 2024. 10.1088/1402-4896/ad4925
5. Juan, Carlos García, et al. “Microwave Planar Resonant Solutions for Glucose Sensing: An Updated Review.” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 15, 2021. 10.3390/app11157015
6. Elsheakh, D. N., et al. “Blood Glucose Monitoring Biosensor Based on Multiband Antennas with SRR Notches.” Biosensors, vol. 15, 2025. 10.3390/bios15040250
7. Afshari, N., et al. “Sensitivity Evaluation of Miniature Microstrip Line-Based Sensors Using the Phase of S11.” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 17, 2023. 10.1049/mia2.12404
8. Omer, M., et al. “Low-Cost Portable Microwave Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring.” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, 2020, article 12323. 10.1038/s41598-020-72114-3
9. Saha, S., et al. “A Glucose Sensing System Based on Transmission between Two Microstrip Patch Antennas at 60 GHz.” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, 2017, article 6855. 10.1038/s41598-017-07011-5
10. Nella, A., et al. “A Non-Invasive Method of Glucose Monitoring Using FR-4 Material Based Microwave Antenna Sensor.” Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, vol. 30, 2023.
11. Kim, Nyun Soo, et al. “Microwave Biosensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Resonant Patch Antenna.” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 5, 2018, pp. 2406–2413.
10.1109/TMTT.2018.2809636
12. Choi, Hojong, et al. “A Microwave Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Sensor Based on Split-Ring Resonator.” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 6, 2019, article 1400. 10.3390/s19061400
13. Vettikalladi, H., et al. “Planar Microwave Sensor for Non-Invasive Glucose Detection Using Metamaterial Resonators.” IEEE Access, vol. 8, 2020, pp. 119429–119437. 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3005471
14. Kiani, Shahab, and Ali Reza Noghabaei. “Highly Sensitive Microwave Resonator Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring.” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 20, no. 19, 2020, pp. 11408–11415. 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2992178
15. Bahrami, Hamed, et al. “A Novel Microwave Biosensor Based on Complementary Split Ring Resonators for Non-Invasive Glucose Measurement.” IEEE Sensors Letters, vol. 5, no. 3, 2021. 10.1109/LSENS.2021.3050514
16. Salsabil Firas Abdul-Razzaq, Raed Safaa El-Din Sabah, Abdul-Jabbar Faris Abdul-Razzaq, Microstrip Antenna for Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing, Graduate Project, University of Information Technology and communication, Baghdad, Iraq, 2025.

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Breaking the Cycle of Zoonosis: Evaluating the Impact of Structured Health Education on Anthrax Awareness and Attitude in Tribal Odisha

Authors:

Madhusmita Behera, Soumya Sonalika, Trupti Rekha Swain

DOI:

Abstract:

Anthrax remains a significant zoonotic public health concern in endemic regions such as Odisha, India, particularly among tribal populations due to close contact with livestock and limited health awareness. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a structured health education programme in improving knowledge and attitudes toward anthrax prevention.

A quantitative pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was conducted with 100 participants selected through convenience sampling from rural villages in Koraput district, Odisha. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule covering socio-demographic variables, a knowledge questionnaire, and a Likert scale on attitudes. The intervention consisted of a two-day structured health education programme, with post-test assessment conducted one week later. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and chi-square test.

Baseline findings revealed that 79% of participants had poor knowledge and 61% exhibited negative attitudes toward anthrax prevention. Following the intervention, 60% demonstrated good knowledge and 62% showed highly positive attitudes. The improvement in mean knowledge and attitude scores was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Significant associations were also found between baseline knowledge and selected socio-demographic factors, including occupation and prior exposure to health information.

Rounded Rectangle: Received: January 05, 2026; Revised: February 14, 2026; March: 20, 2025 2025 The study concludes that structured health education programmes are effective in enhancing knowledge and attitudes regarding anthrax prevention among tribal communities. It highlights the importance of culturally appropriate health education strategies in reducing zoonotic disease risks in endemic areas. Further research is recommended to validate these findings.

Keywords:

Anthrax Awareness, Disease Prevention, Health Education Programme, Knowledge and Attitude Assessment, Tribal Communities, Zoonotic Diseases

Refference:

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4. Choudhary, H. R., et al. “Anthrax in Koraput, India: A 15-Year Retrospective Analysis of Epidemiological Trends.” One Health, 2025.
10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101252
5. Dash, N., and K. C. Panigrahi. “Epidemiological Study of Anthrax Outbreaks in the Koraput District of Odisha, India.” Journal of Zoonotic Diseases, vol. 4, no. 2, 2018, pp. 45–52. .
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16. Behera, Debasish, et al. “Baseline and Endline Assessment of Anthrax Awareness and One Health Intervention in Odisha, India.” International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 134, 2024, Article 107424.
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Optimized Denoising of ECG and EEG Signals Using Discrete Wavelet Transform: A Comparative Study of Wavelet Types and Thresholding Techniques

Authors:

Mohammed Ahmed Moh., Yasin Yousif Al-Aboosi, Hussein A. Abdualnabi, Hussein Yasin Al-Aboosi

DOI:

Abstract:

Biomedical signals, specifically Electrocardiograms (ECG) and Electroencephalograms (EEG), using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) integrated with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Unlike traditional methods that rely on fixed thresholding, the proposed approach dynamically optimizes the selection of wavelet families (Daubechies, Coiflet, Symlet), decomposition levels, and thresholding parameters to maximize the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) while minimizing the Mean Squared Error (MSE). To ensure statistical validation, the framework was tested on 30 diverse records from the MIT-BIH and PhysioNet databases, corrupted with synthetic noise to simulate clinical interference. Results demonstrate that the PSO-optimized Symlet 8 (sym8) configuration significantly outperforms standard DWT methods, achieving an average SNR improvement of 19.88 dB for ECG and 15.57 dB for EEG. Statistical significance was confirmed via a paired t-test (p < 0.05), proving the robustness of the optimized model in preserving critical diagnostic features like the QRS complex and spike-wave discharges. This study bridges the gap between theoretical denoising and automated clinical diagnostics, offering a scalable model for real-time patient monitoring systems.

Keywords:

Biomedical Signal Processing, DWT, ECG Denoising, EEG Denoising, SNR

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6. Patil, P. B., and M. S. Chavan. “A Wavelet Based Method for Denoising of Biomedical Signal.” International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Informatics and Medical Engineering (PRIME), IEEE, 2012. 10.1109/PRIME.2012.6208304
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14. Sharma, R. “EEG Signal Denoising Based on Wavelet Transform.” International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), IEEE, 2017. 10.1109/ICECA.2017.8212714
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